Summary: Organic Chemistry carries 33 marks in CBSE and 35+ marks in Bihar Board. This master compilation brings together all 35 compulsory NCERT name reactions, reaction mechanisms, functional group conversion pathways, and chemical distinction tests into a single study sheet.
Chapter-Wise Compulsory Name Reactions
1. Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
1. Sandmeyer Reaction: Diazonium salt with or yields chlorobenzene or bromobenzene:
2. Finkelstein Reaction (Halide Exchange): Alkyl chlorides or bromides reacted with in dry acetone yield alkyl iodides:
3. Swarts Reaction: Heating alkyl chloride/bromide with metallic fluorides ():
4. Wurtz-Fittig & Fittig Reactions: Coupling of aryl halides with alkyl halides or two aryl halides using sodium in dry ether:
2. Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers
5. Kolbe's Reaction: Phenol treated with followed by at , followed by acidification yields salicylic acid:
6. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction: Phenol treated with and aq. introduces a group at ortho position (salicylaldehyde):
7. Williamson Ether Synthesis: Alkyl halide reacted with sodium alkoxide ( mechanism, works best with primary halides):
3. Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
8. Rosenmund Reduction: Hydrogenation of acyl chlorides over poisoned catalyst poisoned with sulfur/quinoline:
9. Stephen Reaction: Reduction of nitriles with followed by hydrolysis:
10. Etard Reaction: Oxidation of toluene using chromyl chloride in gives benzaldehyde:
11. Clemmensen Reduction: Carbonyl group converted into methylene group using zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid:
12. Wolff-Kishner Reduction: Carbonyl treated with hydrazine followed by heating with in ethylene glycol:
13. Aldol Condensation: Aldehydes/ketones having at least one -hydrogen treated with dilute alkali:
14. Cannizzaro Reaction: Self-oxidation-reduction of aldehydes lacking -hydrogens with concentrated alkali:
15. Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction: -bromination or chlorination of carboxylic acids having -hydrogen with in presence of red phosphorus:
4. Amines & Diazonium Salts
16. Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation: Primary amide treated with bromine and ethanolic yields primary amine with one less carbon:
17. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis: Phthalimide with , then alkyl halide, followed by alkaline hydrolysis gives pure aliphatic primary amine:
18. Carbylamine Reaction (Isocyanide Test): Aliphatic or aromatic primary amines heated with chloroform and alcoholic :
Chemical Distinction Tests Table
| Test Name | Reagent Used | Positive Result / Observation | Differentiates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tollens' Test | Ammoniacal | Bright silver mirror forms on test tube wall | Aldehydes (+ve) from Ketones (-ve) |
| Fehling's Test | Fehling A () + Fehling B (Rochelle salt) | Reddish-brown precipitate of | Aliphatic aldehydes (+ve) from Aromatic aldehydes (-ve) |
| Iodoform Test | Yellow crystalline precipitate of (antiseptic smell) | Compounds with or groups | |
| Lucas Test | Anhydrous + conc. | Turbidity appears: (immediately), (5 mins), (only on heating) | Alcohols |
| Hinsberg's Test | (Benzenesulfonyl chloride) | gives alkali-soluble ppt; gives alkali-insoluble ppt; does not react | Amines |
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